equations 81 , 82 ) did not adequately model these complex family structures, and Genome‐wide Complex Traits Analysis 83 proved far too computationally burdensome for the high dimensional relatedness matrices arising in COGA. Indeed, the commonly used Ricopili pipeline 84 for data processing and analysis of GWAS data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium was re‐tooled to accommodate data from studies like COGA, producing the picopili pipeline, 85 which includes generalized linear mixed models for multigenerational pedigrees. 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 Within COGA, GWAS have maintained their family‐based focus while maximizing power from studying all genotyped and linking individuals, regardless of family size, using approaches such as GWAF and lmekin.
