Koopmans, Slutske, van Baal, and Boomsma (1999) found that religious upbringing moderated genetic influences on alcohol initiation in a sample of adolescent and young adult twins from the Netherlands, such that heritability of alcohol initiation was higher among females without than those with a religious upbringing (39% vs. 0%). There was a similar (but statistically non-significant) pattern of GxE among males. Conversely, adolescent church attendance was not a moderator of genetic influences on adolescent alcohol consumption among adult male twins from Virginia (Kendler et al., in press).
