Four 2011 studies addressed substance use, abuse or dependence as predictors of incident mood or anxiety disorders. Considering only NESARC respondents aged at least 60, substance use disorders did not predict incident mood or anxiety disorders [29]. Remaining studies considered all age groups. When alcohol dependence was operationalized dimensionally (number of positive criteria), wave 1 alcohol dependence at higher severity levels predicted incident major depression [30▪▪]. Past-year but not lifetime nonmedical use of psychoactive prescription drugs predicted incident major depression, bipolar disorder and any anxiety disorder [31▪▪]. Focusing specifically on wave 1 lifetime nonmedical opioid use, abuse and dependence, these all predicted incident major depression and generalized anxiety disorders at wave 2 [32▪▪].
