subsequent study with the same subjects, deficits were noted in spatial but not object recall (Uecker & Nadel, 1998). Because retention was not addressed directly in either of these studies, it is unclear whether the nature of the deficits was related to encoding or memory difficulties. Additional studies have also shown impaired spatial recall in alcohol-exposed children compared to controls (Aragon, Kalberg, et al., 2008) and a negative correlation between alcohol exposure and memory for nonverbal figures. In contrast, another research group found greater deficits in object relative to spatial recall in one study (Rasmussen, et al., 2006), but no significant differences in spatial compared to object recall at either immediate or delayed time intervals in another study (Pei, et al., 2008). Discrepancies may be due to differences in visual memory task design, including the objects participants are asked to remember (familiar everyday items vs. faces) and time delay intervals.
