The study comparing young adult sons of individuals who had a parent with AUD and family history controls described above progressed into the 40-year San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS), each stage of which was approved by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), Human Research Protections Committee. The study began in 1978 with the recruitment of 453 young men (the original subjects, or probands; average age, 22 years) who were recruited through questionnaires randomly distributed to UCSD students. The participants were 18- to 25-year-old men who consumed alcohol but had never met criteria for AUD.24 Individuals with lifetime histories of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or multiple problems with alcohol or illicit drugs were also excluded.
