Participants included 731 mother–child dyads recruited between 2002 and 2003 from WIC programs in the metropolitan areas of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Eugene, Oregon, and in and outside of Charlottesville, Virginia (Dishion et al., 2008). Families were invited to participate if they had a son or daughter between age2 years 0 months and 2 years 11 months, following a screen to ensure they met the study criteria by having socioeconomic, family, and/or child risk factors for future behavior problems.
