features of FAS. Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is an obsolete term previously used to describe individuals with incomplete features of FAS. The facial features of FAS occur with fetal alcohol exposure early in the first trimester, but neuropsychologic deficits may occur independent of the physical features of FAS.9 In FAS, IQ scores are reported to range from 20 to 120 with an average IQ score between 68 and 72. Individuals with ARND have a slightly higher IQ than individuals with FAS.2 Internationally, several diagnostic approaches to FASD have been proposed. Although the diagnostic criteria and terminology used differ only slightly, the use of different approaches is confusing and makes comparison of study results difficult.10–13 The estimated prevalence of FAS is 0.5–2.0 per 1000 births, although a prevalence of up to 68 per 1000 has been reported in some high-risk communities.14,15 The prevalence of the other FASD diagnoses is not well defined, but it is estimated that FASD affects 1% of all births in the US.14
