The ASPD diagnosis is controversial, since many clinicians and researchers think that the category is too heterogeneous and has overlap with other disorders.30 ASPD and other personality disorders have been reported to have comorbidity with psychopathy, a personality trait tightly connected to criminality and forensic psychiatry.5, 49 Although ASPD and psychopathy diagnoses are based on different assessment tools, the distinction between those two is not completely clear.50, 51 We consider our study sample relatively homogenous as the participants were all criminal offenders and had a convergent diagnosed ASPD. However, to further study the behavioral origin of our genome-wide significant hit, rs4714329, we investigated its association individually with each of the SCID II items used in this study. All of the 22 items gave consistent ORs, indicating that the original signal covers all the different aspects of ASPD according to DSM-IV, supporting the homogeneity of the study sample. However, we would like to point out, that the most significant associations were observed for those items that particularly describe social learning. Association with weak learning from social feedback would seem very logical
