The study sample in this study overlapped partially with the sample in a previous study of extreme violent behavior.4 However, the significant variants were not associated with violent offending in general, which indicates that the variants were associated with ASPD per se. This conclusion is also supported by the finding on antisocial attitudes observed in the cohort from the general population, where the risk allele was found to increase the presence of the antisocial features of deceitfulness and lack of empathy among those individuals who reported severe family conflicts or economic difficulties in their childhood families.
