The POMS, which provides six subscale scores and a Total Mood Disturbance score (TMD), was administered at baseline to the chronic smoker sample. POMS scores have been shown to be sensitive to a variety of drug and psychotherapeutic interventions, as well as smoking relapse (e.g. [19]). The POMS was used in concurrent validation analyses because the regulation of negative affect is proposed to be the primary motivational factor in cigarette and other drug use [28].