The data analysis window or the “outcome window” (1500 ms) began with the onset of OS, as the objective of the study is to analyze the outcome-related potentials of the ERPs. The peaks and troughs of ERP components were marked using a semiautomatic peak-picking program wherein the maximum positive or negative activity is ‘picked’ automatically within the manually specified time window. The ORP amplitude was measured as the voltage difference from the pre-stimulus baseline to the largest positive going peak in the latency window 275–700 ms after the stimulus onset, whereas the ORN was measured as a baseline-trough within post-stimulus 200–275 ms (Fig. 3). Although some researchers have measured ORN as a peak-to-trough (P2-N2) amplitude in the context where the ORP is so much stronger than the ORN component that the ORN component is subsumed and not apparent in the ERP signal, as in our study and in Toyomaki & Murohashi’s [28] study, we found that peak-to-trough measurement was not feasible. While band-pass filtering was an option for restoring the ORN component, the obvious difference between the conditions disappeared when
