ERP signal, as in our study and in Toyomaki & Murohashi’s [28] study, we found that peak-to-trough measurement was not feasible. While band-pass filtering was an option for restoring the ORN component, the obvious difference between the conditions disappeared when it was implemented, perhaps because the ORN involves a wide range of frequencies. While the filter was used for the display of topography, the statistical analysis involved the actual ‘peak-picked’ values. Although the entire experiment consisted of two identical blocks, the analysis was done on all trials by combining the trials from both blocks. The statistical analyses were performed on the amplitude and latency data of ORN and ORP components.