Many of the studies described as supporting evidence for each of the components of the ELS model present examples of the feasibility of this model for translational ELS research. By drawing connections across each of the sections, one can start to see the utility of using this model to enhance our understanding of the how early caregiving experiences impact the neuroendocrine and neurobiological processes that contribute to the development of emotion-and attention-regulatory systems. For example, Gunnar et al. (1996) previously demonstrated that toddlers of parents rated as low in sensitivity when the children were infants (i.e. two- to six-months-old) exhibited larger cortisol stress responses (Figure 2–Panel A). Compared to the children of normal to high responsive parents, those of low responsive parents (bottom 25%) continued to produce elevations in cortisol at 18 months. Hane and Fox (2006) extended these findings to include measures of frontal EEG asymmetry. Right frontal EEG asymmetry is associated with withdrawal emotions (e.g., fear, sadness), and Davidson (2004) argues that it reflects constant vigilance to threat. As shown in Figure 2–Panel B, Hane and Fox found
