We performed PheWAS in the Yale-Penn sample;47 which is a genotyped113 and deeply phenotyped cohort using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism, a detailed psychiatric instrument used to assess physical, psychosocial, and psychiatric manifestations of SUDs and comorbid psychiatric traits.109,110 This comprehensive interview includes more than 3,500 items representing lifetime diagnostic criteria for the DSM-IV,111 DSM-5112 SUDs and DSM-IV111 psychiatric disorder history.
