Further, coping and enhancement motives exhibit robust relationships with alcohol involvement and have been shown to mediate the influence of personality on alcohol outcomes (e.g., Cooper et al., 1995; see Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel, & Engels 2005; Kuntsche et al., 2006). As reviewed by Kuntsche et al. (2005), enhancement motives appear to be related to heavy drinking (Carey, 1993; Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1992; Read, Wood, Kahler, Maddock, & Palfai, 2003; Schulenberg, Wadsworth, O’Malley, Bachman, & Johnston, 1996) whereas coping motives appear to be related to both heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems (Carpenter & Hasin, 1999; Cooper et al., 1995; Cooper, Russell, & George, 1988; Holahan et al., 2001; Holahan, et al., 2003; McNally et al., 2003; Simons, Correia, & Carey, 2000; Windle & Windle, 1996; but see also Cooper et al., 2008).
