For on-time maturing boys, reciprocal effects were observed between parent-child relationship quality and substance use across the twelve month period (ß = .06 to .09, p>.10). For off-time maturing boys (early & late) the reciprocal paths linking parent-child relationship quality with cigarette and alcohol use were non-significant (ß = -.04 to .04, p>.10). There were no differences in the magnitude of parameter estimates for boys as a function of pubertal timing.
