Detailed information for these nine SNPs is shown in Table 2. All SNPs have minor allele frequencies (MAF) of ∼ 0.20, and carriers of minor alleles in the male sample had odds ratios (OR) <0.50, suggesting a protective role against smoking behavior for the minor alleles of these SNPs in males. Genotype frequency distribution at the nine SNPs in smoking vs. non-smoking groups in males, females and the total sample is presented in Appendix II.