above the mean on adoptive mother anxiety/ depression, β = 0.35, p < 0.01, and nonsignificant for families that were below the mean on adoptive mother anxiety/depression, β = −0.01 (Leve et al. 2008). The pattern of environmental moderation of genetic influences on infant behavior held when substance use during pregnancy was considered. Although preliminary, this G×E interaction finding suggests that the interplay between genes and the environment begins very early in development; subsequent outcomes of these early G×E processes will be examined when later waves of the EGDS data have been completed.
