In the EGDS analyses, we hypothesized that birth mothers' externalizing behavior would serve as an index of genetic risk for externalizing problems and that adoptive parents' anxious/depressive symptoms would be a primary environmental mechanism associated with the child's inability to shift attention away during the frustration trials, perhaps because of the failure of anxious/depressed parents to model healthy emotion regulation for their child. Further, the combination of genetic risk and environmental risk was hypothesized to interact to further increase attention levels during the frustration trials (G×E interaction). The results from the SEM analyses supported the moderation hypotheses involving adoptive mothers' affective state but not those involving adoptive fathers' affective state, perhaps because of the likelihood of greater maternal involvement in child rearing. The path from birth mother externalizing problems to child attention to frustration was significant for families that were above the mean on adoptive mother anxiety/ depression, β = 0.35, p < 0.01, and nonsignificant for families that were below the mean on adoptive mother anxiety/depression, β = −0.01 (Leve et al. 2008). The pattern of environmental moderation of
