Polygenic scores created using our GWAS results were associated not just with psychiatric and substance use disorders, but also with correlated social outcomes, such as lower employment and greater criminal justice system involvement, as well as with biomedical conditions affecting nearly every system in the body. These results highlight again that there is no distinct line between the genetic study of biomedical conditions and the genetic study of social and behavioral traits57. Linking biology with socially-valued behavioral outcomes can be politically sensitive58. Modern genetics research is routinely appropriated by white supremacist movements to argue that racialized disparities in health, employment, and criminal justice system involvement are due to the genetic inferiority of people of color rather than environmental and historical disadvantages59. At the same time, failing to understand how individual genetic differences contribute to vulnerability to externalizing can increase stigma and blame for these behaviors60. Given the horrific legacy of eugenics, the ongoing reality of racism in the medical and criminal justice systems, and the importance of combatting stigma in psychiatric disorders, the scientific results we report here (which are,
