and blame for these behaviors60. Given the horrific legacy of eugenics, the ongoing reality of racism in the medical and criminal justice systems, and the importance of combatting stigma in psychiatric disorders, the scientific results we report here (which are, for technical reasons, limited to European-ancestry individuals) must be interpreted with great care. Our results are not evidence that some people are genetically determined to experience certain life outcomes or are “innately” antisocial. Genetic differences are probabilistically associated with psychiatric, medical, and social outcomes, in part via environmental mechanisms that might differ across historical, political, and economic contexts61. Please see our Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) and supporting materials at www.externalizing.org.
