Adolescent smoking was tapped by the question, “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke a cigarette?” Responses ranged from 0 to 30+. Since many adolescents were non-smokers, we created a dummy, smoking, with values (0) 0 days (74%) and (1) 1-30+ days (26%). Adolescent drinking was ascertained by asking, “During the past 12 months, on how many days did you drink alcohol?’ Responses were reverse coded to range from (0) never to (6) everyday to almost everyday. A dummy variable, drinking, was coded (0) if the adolescent had no alcohol in the last year (53%) and (1) if the adolescent had consumed alcohol on one or more days in the last year (47%).2 These smoking and drinking measures are consistent with those used in other risk behavior research that relies on Add Health data (e.g., Blum et al., 2000; Scal et al., 2003; Swahn & Hammig, 2000). Smoking and drinking captured (1) affirmative responses to both smoking and drinking variables (21%) versus (0) others (79%).
