Data came from the 1994-95 Add Health, a nationally representative sample of more than 90,000 adolescents in grades 7-12 (Bearman, Jones, & Udry, 1997). An in-home interview was conducted with a subset of students (N=20,745) and their parents (N=17,700). Of the 18,924 adolescents in the in-home sample with valid sample weights, 16,461 resided with a biological or adoptive mother in either a two biological parent married family, a married stepfamily, a single-mother family, or a cohabiting stepfamily. We excluded adolescents whose mother did not complete the parent interview, yielding an analytic sample size of n=13,282.
