Twelve criteria from DSM-IV and DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) were utilized (Table 1). These included DSM-IV abuse criteria of (i) failure to fulfill major role obligations (role failure), (ii) recurrent use in hazardous situations (hazard), (iii) recurrent social/interpersonal problems because of use (social/interpersonal), and (iv) legal problems (legal), as well as the six DSM-IV dependence criteria of (v) tolerance, (vi) using in larger quantities or for longer than intended (larger/longer), (vii) persistent failed quit attempts (quit), (viii) spending a great deal of time using cannabis (time spent), (ix) giving up important activities to use cannabis (give up) and (x) experiencing physical or psychological problems because of cannabis use (problems). In addition, the two DSM-5 criteria of (xi) withdrawal and (xii) craving were also used.
