intoxication in alcohol administration studies. When subjective responses to alcohol are divided into stimulant and sedative effects, studies have shown that greater alcohol-induced stimulation and reinforcement is associated with increased alcohol consumption (Lewis & June, 1990; Wise & Bozarth, 1987), whereas greater subjective experiences of the sedative and unpleasant effects of alcohol are associated with decreased alcohol use (Leigh, 1987; O’Malley & Maisto, 1984).
