in context-dependent sensitization to morphine. Behavioral sensitization in animal models is of interest as a neural basis of addiction (28, 29). LTP (which underlies learning and memory) was also implicated directly in pathway analysis. These pathways may interact to produce biologically important effects both on behavior following an initial exposure to opioids and on impaired control over use following chronic exposure (i.e., relapse risk, a key issue in the natural history and treatment of OD).