As expected, within each domain, the odds of having a disorder was higher compared to respective controls. Although the LOR for ODD was increased in PAE studies, the 95% confidence interval included 0. This result agrees with a meta-analysis showing the prevalence of ODD in those with PAE to be about 25%, but the 95% confidence interval of that study included 0 as well (Popova et al., 2016). The overall odds reported here of 3.10 for having ADHD in PAE children was higher than the reported odds ratio of 2.33 from a different meta-analysis examining rates of ADHD in PAE literature; it was however, within their reported confidence interval (95% CI = 1.18, 4.61) (Gronimus, Ridout, Sandberg, & Santosh, 2009).
