There were no significant differences between PAE and COA studies for CD and ODD. Although this lack of difference could be due to the smaller number of studies in the PAE domain, or to the more homogenous definition of “affected” for these disorders, it is likely that there is no difference in etiology between the two domains for either disorder, as there is an absence of literature comparing PAE vs non-exposed individuals. Malone and colleagues specifically addressed the effect of maternal alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on rates of CD and ODD (Malone, McGue, & Iacono, 2010). They found that including measures of drinking during pregnancy did not change the results based on maternal alcohol dependence alone, indicating that PAE did not account for their initial association of maternal alcohol dependence on CD or ODD.
