However, most research is less favorable, showing that alternative TD measures have superior predictive validity, certainly for outcomes such as smoking heaviness and cessation likelihood (e.g., [26, 29, 35]). We believe that a measure of TD should be expected to predict three key features or outcomes of TD: withdrawal severity, heaviness of use, and cessation of tobacco use. Withdrawal is an important outcome since it is a characteristic feature of all dependence disorders (a sine qua non), it is an intrinsic cost of addiction, and it plays a significant role in preventing reduction or discontinuation of tobacco use [41, 42]. Smoking heaviness is important since a high level of involvement with a drug is conceptually and empirical linked with dependent use [19], and it is highly related to probability of harms due to drug use (e.g., health effects). Finally, it seems especially vital that a TD measure predicts likelihood of future cessation since a key facet of the dependent drug use is its intractability. Accordingly, we assess the validity of DSM and other measures by their association with these three
