Despite the prevalence of conditions of ELS and knowledge of the resultant behavioral difficulties, because researchers are just starting to better understand the impact of deprived conditions on development, there are relatively few studies of interventions. The cohesive neurobehavioral model presented here has large implications for consideration of intervention efforts. For example, intervention could target aspects of parenting in order to have a direct effect on the caregiving portion of this model, which may then influence the other model components. In randomized clinical trials, Fisher et al. (2000) have shown that supporting foster parents’ ability to provide consistent, nonhostile, supportive care improves the behavioral functioning of preschoolers. Further study of these interventions provides evidence that enhancing the quality of care by foster parents might also help normalize basal L-HPA axis activity. Fisher et al. (2007) examined changes in the HPA activity for preschoolers with low morning cortisol levels and small decreases in daytime diurnal cortisol. Following a six-month period, preschoolers receiving the foster care intervention demonstrated increases in morning cortisol levels, resulting in a more typical decrease in cortisol over
