1999; O'Connor and Rutter, 2000; Stovall and Dozier, 2000), Rhesus infants exposed to maternal maltreatment exhibit patterns of insecure attachment and a failure of maternal contact to buffer elevations in cortisol to stressful events (personal communication, Kai McCormack, 4/20/2009; McCormack et al., 2007). Although one must be careful about direct translation across species and specific ELS conditions, these commonalities support the idea of utilizing other models to inform further hypotheses and support research findings.