The sample characteristics are presented in Table 1, and a detailed description is also available in Pandey et al. [54]. All participants in the current study were drawn from the sample of a larger study on brain dysfunction in chronic alcoholism conducted at the SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA. Thirty currently abstinent adult males with past AUD (mean age (SD) = 41.42 (7.31) years) and thirty unaffected male controls (mean age (SD) = 27.44 (4.74) years), who had undergone multimodal assessments, including structural and functional MRI and neuropsychological tests, were selected for the present study. The “race/ethnic” distribution of the sample was: African Ancestry = 25; European Ancestry = 9; Asian = 21; American Indian = 1; More than one race = 2; and Unknown = 2. Participants with AUD were recruited from alcohol treatment centers in and around New York City after they had been detoxified and abstinent for at least 30 days prior to testing. As shown in Table 1, some of the participants from the AUD group had consumed tobacco (N = 20) and/or
