and around New York City after they had been detoxified and abstinent for at least 30 days prior to testing. As shown in Table 1, some of the participants from the AUD group had consumed tobacco (N = 20) and/or marijuana (N = 10) during the last 6 months (but not at least 5 days before testing). None of the participants were in withdrawal for alcohol or any other drugs (including nicotine) at the time of testing. Individuals for the control group (CTL) were recruited through advertisements and screened to exclude any personal or family history of major medical, psychiatric, or substance-related disorders. The CTL participants did not have any past or present history of substance dependence or abuse (DSM-IV), although some of them (N = 12) were light/regular drinkers and had used alcohol in the last 6 months (N = 18) (see Table 1 for details). All participants were asked to abstain from alcohol and other drugs for 5 days prior to MRI scans. Clinical information regarding substance use, psychiatric disorder, and family history were assessed using a modified version of the semi-structured assessment of genetics of alcoholism (SSAGA) [55]. The majority of subjects were right-handed, with only a
