Despite these limitations, the population-matching paradigm presented herein has several important extensions beyond standard GWAS such as reducing problems of stratification in conventional genetic methods including gene and pathway based tests, functional enrichment, aggregate genetic risk profiles, and rare variant analyses. Furthermore, the development of methods that facilitate inclusion of more diverse, and often understudied, populations in genetic studies will have significant downstream public health impacts, as made necessary by long-standing disparities in addiction research.
