2015; Preston and Epstein, 2011). Craving is a reliable predictor of substance use in both non-treatment seeking and treatment-seeking samples (see Serre et al., 2015 for review), including among adults in outpatient substance treatment (Moore et al., 2014) and heavy-drinking adults and adolescents on naltrexone for alcohol use (Miranda et al., 2018, 2014; Tidey et al., 2008). The extant research studies have therefore separately tested if stress increases alcohol or drug intake and if craving increases alcohol or drug use, but not if daily stress is associated with daily craving and if stress related craving predicts future intake, particularly in individuals with AUD.
