The findings from the present study may provide some answers to the inconsistent findings in the literature. Our findings indicated that it was lighter drinking individuals who improved more following the PFI over a long-term follow-up. This finding is consistent with a recent conclusion from a large meta-analysis that PFIs are more beneficial for lighter-drinking individuals (Carey, Scott-Sheldon, et al., 2007). We also found that there was no overall difference in the efficacy between the BMI and WF groups. Therefore, for mandated students whose baseline levels of HED or AP are low, written or web-based personalized feedback may be a cost-effective way to deliver a PFI as a selective intervention. The present study also demonstrated that the advantage for those who are female, who experienced a serious incident, and who engaged in less frequent HED at baseline was maintained even after taking into account other individual and situational factors as well as pre-intervention AP levels. In previous studies, it has been difficult to assess to what extent ensuing reductions are due to unique effects of individual and situational factors, above
