An example of the discontinuity between the scalp and intracranial literatures is presented by the novelty P3 ERP component. The midline topography of this component suggests a generator in midline cortex, and the localization of an equivalent dipole in anterior cingulate cortex led to widespread acceptance of the solution (e.g., Dien et al., 2003; Debener et al., 2005). These results have been replicated using location constraints based on fMRI (Crottaz-Herbette and Menon, 2006). Similar arguments have also been made for the midline generation of error-related negativity and anterior midline theta, leading those who consider the properties of volume conduction to conclude that the effective generators “must” lie in the banks of the cingulate fissure. Unfortunately, the intracranial fields contributing to such generators have not been adequately probed, leaving the regional and laminar generator patterns that might give rise to this equivalent dipole solution poorly understood (Tenke et al., 2010). As a result, seasoned, but cautious, investigators have questioned the adequacy of these solutions (e.g., Verleger et al., 2006; Mathalon et al., 2003). Although the nature and anatomical distribution of the
