Overall, the ACC and OFC project primarily to the rostral striatum and include terminals in the medial caudate nucleus, the medial and ventral rostral putamen, and the nucleus accumbens (both the shell and the core). This projection extends caudally and occupies the ventromedial portion of the caudate nucleus and the most ventral and medial part of the putamen.79,81-83 Indeed, the caudal, ventral putamen has been suggested to be the caudal extension of the VS.84 The vmPFC is closely associated with visceral and emotional functions and has strong connections to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. These cortical cells track values in the context of internally generated states, such as satiety85 Moreover, this area plays a role, not only in valuation of stimuli, but also in selecting between these values. However, perhaps the most remarkable feature of the vmPFC valuation signal is its flexibility. While several other brain regions rely on experience to estimate values, vmPFC can encode values that must be computed quickly, often just prior to or during an action.86 The shell receives the densest innervation from the vmPFC and
