This report is among the first to place SNP main effects identified by meta-analysis in a longitudinal developmental context (see also, (Vrieze, et al., 2011)). This approach can refine the nature of the meta-analytic association, and allow novel tests of existing addiction theory. We obtained three important findings. First, CPD is moderately heritable (30% to 50%) in the full sample and the subsample of current smokers. Genes account for a majority of the stability of smoking across time, especially at later ages. Shared environment accounts for the majority of stability from age 14 to age 17, indicating the potential for significant gene and environmental main effects moderated by development in CPD.
