TE, PTSD and different forms of SUD were inconsistent (24). Specifically, neither TE nor PTSD was associated with alcohol use disorders, TE was associated with slightly elevated risk for nicotine dependence, and only PTSD was associated with drug use disorders (24). However, this study was conducted in one area of the US (Detroit area) and examined different drug use disorders as a single class rather than examining substance-specific drug use disorders. Given the methodological variability across studies, inconsistencies in results on associations between TE, PTSD, and different types of SUDs are difficult to interpret. A single study of a general population sample that includes both genders, TE, PTSD, and separate indicators of substance-specific SUDs would hold methods constant across all these variables, potentially offering a clearer picture of the relationship of TE, PTSD and different SUDs.
