Kapoor et al. 12 used RNA sequencing to examine gene expression in the pre‐frontal cortex of individuals with and without AUD. In this study of 65 individuals with AUD and 73 without, 129 genes showed altered expression (FDR < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes were enriched for pathways related to interferon signaling and Growth Arrest and DNA Damage‐inducible 45 (GADD45) signaling. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis identified two significant modules, one of which, enriched in genes related to calcium signaling pathways, opioid signaling, and nicotine responses, was significantly correlated with alcohol dependence, alcohol consumption, and AUDIT scores. A second module, also enriched for genetic associations with AUD and alcohol consumption, showed upregulation of pathways related to immune signaling. 12
