Over the last decade, an unprecedented epidemic of drug-related poisonings has affected countries spanning North America and Europe. Recent estimates of unintentional poisoning deaths (19.1 deaths per 100 000) have eclipsed those of falls (11.4 deaths per 100 000) and motor vehicle traffic deaths (11.6 deaths per 100 000).1 This is evidenced by an all-time high of 70 980 overdose deaths in the US in 2019.2 Although the medical community has largely focused on the central role of opioid use disorder (OUD), polysubstance use has been underrecognized, even though most patients with substance use disorder use multiple substances,3 and the presence of multiple substance use disorders is associated with worse treatment outcomes.4,5,6
