Co-occurring psychiatric conditions may also contribute to altered brain activation observed in FASD. Attention deficits are prevalent among individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and many of these children meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [63]. Malisza et al. [46] reported fMRI BOLD response differences on a spatial working memory task in alcohol-exposed children in comparison to both non-exposed children with ADHD and healthy controls. Task performance was similar between alcohol-exposed and the ADHD children, although the controls performed better than both clinical groups. The general pattern of activation differences indicated that relative to controls, children with alcohol exposure exhibited increases in activation while children with ADHD showed decreases in activation on this task. There were no regions in which the ADHD children displayed increased activation relative to alcohol-exposed children, but alcohol-exposed children showed enhanced activation relative to ADHD in the bilateral pre- and postcentral regions, right middle frontal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, DTI tractography demonstrated that while alcohol-exposed children displayed a reduction in fiber volume and total number of fibers compared to healthy controls, non-exposed children
