reliable trait measures and to better prediction [46]. Phenotypically, adding more extreme ASB phenotypes to the GWAS meta-analysis might also lead to more explained variance. In addition, the inclusion of clinical samples displaying extreme ASB phenotypes (e.g., [multiple] homicide, sexual assaults, etc.) in GWAS studies could help ensuring the generalizability of genetic findings to forensic populations. Thus, future efforts of the BroadABC will continue to focus on more severe forms of ASB and its persistence across the lifespan. Moreover, by considering genetically correlated traits through multi-trait GWAS methods [47] and multi-trait PRS methods [48] it might be possible to boost power for discovery through GWAS meta-analysis and PRS prediction. Lastly, a major limitation of the present study is that our GWAS results are limited to individuals of European ancestry. This Eurocentric bias may lead to more accurate predictions in individuals with European ancestry, compared to non-Europeans, thus potentially increasing disparities in outcomes related to ASB [49, 50]. To realize the full and equitable potential of polygenic risk, future genetic studies on ASB should also include non-European samples.
