Uncovering the genetic architecture of broad antisocial behavior through a genome-wide association study meta-analysis.

SNP-based results from the GWAS meta-analysis (N = 85,359) on broad antisocial behavior.a Manhattan plot of the GWAS meta-analysis, showing the negative log10-transformed p value for each SNP. SNP two-sided p values from a linear model were calculated using METAL [24], weighting SNP associations by sample size. b Regional association plot around chromosome 7:114043159 with functional annotations of SNPs in LD of lead SNP rs12536335 (shown in purple). The plot displays GWAS p value plotted against its chromosomal position, where colors represent linkage disequilibrium and r2 values with the most significantly associated SNP. c The plot displays CADD scores (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion) and RegulomeDB scores of these SNPs. d PheWAS plot showing the significance of associations of common variation in the FOXP2 gene with a wide range of traits and diagnoses based on MAGMA gene-based tests (with Bonferroni-corrected p value: 1.05e–5), as obtained from GWASAtlas (https://atlas.ctglab.nl).

Bar charts illustrating the proportion of variance (incremental R2, or ΔR2) explained by the PRSs.PRSs are shown for broad ASB associated with childhood ASB in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study (A), with externalizing behavior in the E-Risk Study (B), with Conduct Disorder (C) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (D) in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort Study, with ASB in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Children’s Development Study (E), and with time-aggregated ASB in the Quebec Newborn Twin Study (F). Asterisks (*) show statistical significance after applying a Bonferroni correction on the 22 tested phenotypes at p < 0.0023.

Significant genetic correlations of ASB with previously published results of other traits and diseases, computed using cross-trait LD score regression in LDHub, Bonferroni-corrected p value: 0.00068 (bars represent 95% confidence intervals).For traits with significant correlations with ASB in multiple studies (see Supplementary Table 15), we report the most recent study here.