After quality control and imputation to the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) or 1000 Genomes Project reference panel (see Online Methods), 85,359 individuals from 28 cohorts and a maximum of 7,392,849 variants were available for analysis. We carried out a pooled-sex GWAS meta-analysis for the broad ASB phenotype with METAL [24] and found one genome-wide significant locus, on chromosome 7 (chromosome band 7q31.1, Fig. 1a and Supplementary Table 3). The top lead SNP was rs12536335 (p = 6.32 × 10−10; Fig. 1b, c), located in an intronic region upstream of one of the transcriptional start-sites for the forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) gene [25, 26]. Consistent with this finding, a gene-based association test carried out with MAGMA [27], identified a significant association for FOXP2 (p = 7.43 × 10−7, Supplementary Note 3, Supplementary Fig. 1, and Supplementary Table 6). The FOXP2 gene has been related to the development of speech and language [28], yet is also implicated in a wide range of other traits and diagnoses [29] (see Fig. 1d). MAGMA generalized gene-set and tissue-specific gene-set analyses (sex-combined) yielded no significant
