examined the association between parental divorce and both alcohol phenotypes. Parental divorce alone showed a weaker relationship to the alcohol phenotypes (β [MaxDrinks]=0.121, p-value<0.01; β [AUD severity]=0.122, p-value<0.01) than the combined abuse/neglect/parental divorce variable (β [MaxDrinks]=0.136, p-value<0.001; β [AUD severity]=0.139), p-value<0.001); Therefore, results do not appear to be driven by the effects of divorce alone. In addition, while some epidemiologic studies suggest that family history of alcohol problems may confound the relationship between childhood adversity and adult alcohol disorders (Bulik et al., 2001; Sher et al., 1997), others indicated a persistent relationship between childhood adversity and alcohol disorders after adjusting for family history of alcoholism (Young-Wolff et al., 2011). AUDADIS modules assessed history of alcohol problems in fathers and mothers, using examples of AUD diagnostic criteria including readily observable manifestations, which are mostly likely to be known to offspring (Andreasen, Endicott, Spitzer, & Winokur, 1977; Heiman, Ogburn, Gorroochurn, Keyes, & Hasin, 2008; Slutske et al., 1996). The test–retest reliability of AUDADIS family history variables is very good to excellent (Grant et al., 2003; Hasin et al., 1997). The binary parental history variable was coded as “yes” if alcohol problems were reported for either the father or mother, since the frequency
