A recent meta-analysis evaluated the association of SE with smoking relapse [47]. The review included 54 studies that assessed prospective associations of SE and smoking during a quit attempt. A major finding concerned differential effect sizes based on the timing of SE assessments: the negative association of SE with likelihood of future smoking represented a small effect (d = -.21) when SE was assessed prior to the quit attempt, but a medium effect (d = -.47) when SE was assessed after the quit day. The authors concluded that, given the centrality of SE to most cognitive-behavioral models of relapse, the association of SE with cessation was weaker than would be expected (i.e., SE accounted for roughly 2% of the variance in treatment outcome following initial abstinence). The findings also suggested that SE should ideally be measured after the cessation attempt, and that controlling for concurrent smoking is critical when examining SE in relation to prospective relapse [47]. Finally, in analyses from a cross-national study of the natural history of smoking cessation, researchers examined self-efficacy in relation to relapse rates across
