and that controlling for concurrent smoking is critical when examining SE in relation to prospective relapse [47]. Finally, in analyses from a cross-national study of the natural history of smoking cessation, researchers examined self-efficacy in relation to relapse rates across an extended time period [48,49]. Results indicated that self-efficacy increased with cumulative abstinence and correlated negatively with urges, consistent with RP theory. Also, higher self-efficacy consistently predicted lower relapse rates across time and partly mediated the association of perceived benefits of smoking with relapse events [48,49].
