Second, we found evidence for gene-environment correlation. Consistent with our hypothesis, parental externalizing polygenic score was associated with specific parenting/parent-child relationship characteristics that have been linked to adolescent externalizing behavior. Specifically, parents’ polygenic loading for externalizing was associated with less parent-child closeness in both European and African ancestry families. However, parental externalizing polygenic score was not associated with other aspects of parenting examined. Because we had genetic data from both parents and adolescents, we conducted additional analyses examining whether different forms of gene-environment correlation operate in the family at the same time. By including both parental and adolescent externalizing polygenic scores in a combined model in predicting parenting, we found a pattern of results consistent with evocative gene-environment correlation. In European ancestry families, controlling for parental externalizing polygenic scores, higher adolescent externalizing polygenic scores were associated with poorer parent-child communication, less parent-child closeness, and lower parental knowledge. Twin studies have repeatedly shown the presence of evocative effects on parenting in adolescence (Klahr & Burt, 2014; Marceau et al., 2013; McGue et al., 2005; Neiderhiser et al., 2007; Neiderhiser et al.,
